Cultural Theory: An Introduction. It discusses the contributions of Bourdieu, Giddens, and Norbert Elias. It explores British cultural studies, works in the production and reception of culture, narrative and hermeneutical approaches to textual studies, and psychoanalytic approaches to culture. Following the tenets of a theory of development which accords culture a fundamental constituting role in creating human development, this paper proposes a critical approach to the application of research by developmental psychologists. Cultural theory has emerged as one ofthe two paradigms in the social analysis of risk, the second being the psychometric approach to risk. This distinction is analysed in some detail by Marris et al. The 'social amplification of risk' approach advocated by Kasperson et al.
'This is the best introductory survey of cultural theories I have read.' -- Cultural Diffusion Theory Pdf
Christian Smith, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill<!--end-->
'I cannot conceive of a better introduction to a century of cultural theory. Smith gives cultural theory life and brings it down to earth, where it belongs.' Barry Schwartz, University of Georgia
'Philip Smith has written the Zagat guide not just to sociology of culture and cultural sociology, but of cultural theory in the grandest sense. This will be a great introduction for students and a cheat sheet for more than a few professors. Bravo!' Roger Friedland, University of California at Santa Barbara
'This engaging book deftly maps the important theoretical traditions in the field of cultural analysis, with special attention to the leading thinkers. Philip Smith's lucid writing and comprehensive scope will be of great value to students and scholars as they seek to orient themselves in the field and identify the major concepts.' Robin Wagner-Pacifici, Swarthmore College
'Being a remarkable practitioner in the domain of cultural theory, Philip Smith adopts a powerful stance in his far-reaching approach of the genealogy of this domain.' Laurent Thévenot, Ecole des Hautes Etudes, Paris
'.Smith has produced a very useful and informative introduction to a broad variety of theories and culture' Choice
Culture theory is the branch of comparative anthropology and semiotics (not to be confused with cultural sociology or cultural studies) that seeks to define the heuristic concept of culture in operational and/or scientific terms.
Overview[edit]
In the 19th century, 'culture' was used by some to refer to a wide array of human activities, and by some others as a synonym for 'civilization'. In the 20th century, anthropologists began theorizing about culture as an object of scientific analysis. Some used it to distinguish human adaptive strategies from the largely instinctive adaptive strategies of animals, including the adaptive strategies of other primates and non-human hominids, whereas others used it to refer to symbolic representations and expressions of human experience, with no direct adaptive value. Both groups understood culture as being definitive of human nature.
According to many theories that have gained wide acceptance among anthropologists, culture exhibits the way that humans interpret their biology and their environment. According to this point of view, culture becomes such an integral part of human existence that it is the human environment, and most cultural change can be attributed to human adaptation to historical events. Moreover, given that culture is seen as the primary adaptive mechanism of humans and takes place much faster than human biological evolution, most cultural change can be viewed as culture adapting to itself.
Although most anthropologists try to define culture in such a way that it separates human beings from other animals, many human traits are similar to those of other animals, particularly the traits of other primates. For example, chimpanzees have big brains, but human brains are bigger. Similarly, bonobos exhibit complex sexual behaviour, but human beings exhibit much more complex sexual behaviours. As such, anthropologists often debate whether human behaviour is different from animal behaviour in degree rather than in kind; they must also find ways to distinguish cultural behaviour from sociological behaviour and psychological behavior.
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Acceleration and amplification of these various aspects of culture change have been explored by complexity economist, W. Brian Arthur. In his book, The Nature of Technology, Arthur attempts to articulate a theory of change that considers that existing technologies (or material culture) are combined in unique ways that lead to novel new technologies. Behind that novel combination is a purposeful effort arising in human motivation. This articulation would suggest that we are just beginning to understand what might be required for a more robust theory of culture and culture change, one that brings coherence across many disciplines and reflects an integrating elegance.
See also[edit]
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References[edit]
- Ogburn, William F. Social Change. 1922. Reprint. Dell, New York. 1966.
- Rogers, G.F.C. The Nature of the Engineering: A Philosophy of Technology. Palgrave Macmillan, London, 1983.
- Schumpeter, Joseph. The Theory of Economic Development. 1912. Reprint. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1966. 1934.
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